Summary: This study explored the impact of three plant biostimulants (PBs)—a legume-derived protein hydrolysate (PH), an extract from the seaweed Ecklonia maxima, and a mixture of vegetal oils and Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extracts—on the productivity,

Summary: A greenhouse experiment on spinach irrigated with varying salinity concentrations showed that applying foliar protein hydrolysates from vegetal origin to the plants significantly boosted yield and increased the SPAD index and total chlorophylls. This